A protester throws a flare toward riot police during demonstrations outside the headquarters of Spain’s Socialist Party (PSOE) on Ferraz Street in Madrid, on November 7, 2023. The protest was part of a series of far-right mobilizations against the government’s proposed amnesty law for Catalan independence figures, following negotiations to secure Pedro Sánchez’s re-election as prime minister.
Miguel Bernad, president of Manos Limpias, a far-right leaning Spanish public employees’ union known for its high-profile legal actions, embraces a protester during demonstrations against a proposed government amnesty for political cases, in Madrid, April 2024.
A man performs a fascist salute as a group sings “Cara al Sol” at Mingorrubio Cemetery, where former Spanish dictator Francisco Franco is buried, during the 50th anniversary of his death, in Madrid, on November 20, 2025
Protesters insult police officers after tearing down barriers from a security cordon on Ferraz Street in Madrid, on November 16, 2023. Some demonstrators carry pre-constitutional Spanish flags during protests against the government’s amnesty law, which followed the re-election of Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez with the support of Catalan pro-independence parties.
A man places a pre-constitutional Spanish flag bearing the eagle emblem at the entrance of the Franco family mausoleum at Mingorrubio Cemetery in Madrid, on November 20, 2025, marking the 50th anniversary of the death of former dictator Francisco Franco.
The Franco family mausoleum at Mingorrubio Cemetery in Madrid, photographed on November 20, 2025, the 50th anniversary of the death of former Spanish dictator Francisco Franco.
A man falls to the ground during clashes with police amid riots linked to protests against Spain’s proposed amnesty law in Madrid, on November 15, 2023. Demonstrations intensified in the days surrounding the parliamentary process that led to Pedro Sánchez’s reappointment as prime minister.
Members of the far-right Falange party sing “Cara al Sol” and perform fascist salutes during a gathering outside the building where José Antonio Primo de Rivera, the movement’s founder, was born, in Madrid, on November 18, 2023. Falange is a historic fascist organization originating in the 1930s.
A woman adjusts her hair dyed red, matching the colors of the Spanish flag, as she carries national flags during a protest on Ferraz Street in Madrid, on May 30, 2024. Demonstrations continued months after the amnesty law was approved, although turnout had significantly declined.
A protester throws a trash container toward journalists during unrest near Ferraz Street in Madrid, on November 9, 2023. Reporters covering the protests were repeatedly targeted amid growing hostility toward the media during far-right mobilizations.
Fireworks are launched toward officers of Spain’s National Police during clashes on Ferraz Street in Madrid, on November 9, 2023. That night marked one of the most violent episodes of the protests, prompting the use of crowd-control measures including tear gas.